Iraqi Kurdish forces have unlawfully destroyed Arab homes and villages in northern Iraq over the past two years in what may amount to a war crime, rights group Human Rights Watch (HRW) said on Sunday.
Kurdish Peshmerga fighters are part of a 100,000-strong Iraqi alliance, helped by US-led air raids and military advisers, that is battling to retake Mosul from Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).
The New York-based rights group said in a report that violations between September 2014 and May 2016 in 21 towns and villages in disputed parts of the Kirkuk and Nineveh provinces had followed "a pattern of apparently unlawful demolitions". 
Battle for Mosul: Civilians escape violence but face uncertainty
The areas are nominally under the jurisdiction of Baghdad but are de facto controlled by the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), which pushed ISIL (also known as ISIS) from swathes of northern Iraq it seized in 2014. The KRG has since accepted more than 1 million refugees - mostly Sunni Arabs - fleeing the fighting.
Dindar Zebari, head of the high committee to respond to international reports told Al Jazeera that there was "no single intention for the destruction of Arab houses."
"What has happened is because ISIL members have taken positions... they have fighted Peshmerga forces, plenty of TNTs and explosives planted in those houses, and whatever destrucion happened was a consequence of the war with this terrorist organisation," he said. 
HRW said the report was based on more than a dozen field visits and interviews with over 120 witnesses and officials. Analysis of satellite images suggests property destruction targeted Arab residents long after any military necessity for such actions had ended, it said.
"In village after village in Kirkuk and Nineveh, KRG security forces destroyed Arab homes - but not those belonging to Kurds - for no legitimate military purpose," Joe Stork, deputy Middle East director at HRW, said.
"KRG leaders' political goals don't justify demolishing homes illegally."
HRW said the satellite imagery showed destruction in 62 other villages after their capture by Kurdish security forces, but that a lack of witness accounts made it difficult to determine cause and responsibility in those cases.
READ MORE: Kurds deny forcing Arabs from Iraq's Kirkuk
Kurdish officials have stated their intention to absorb land recovered from ISIL into their autonomous region and prevent Arab residents from returning to areas "Arabised" decades ago by Saddam Hussein.
"These areas that the Peshmerga have captured are part of Federal Iraq and numerous Kurdish officials, from Marsoud Barzani all the way down, have voiced their intent on integrating into Iraqi Kurdistan," Patrick Martin, lead Iraq researcher at the Institute for the Study of War, told Al Jazeera.
"It’s effectively created an ethnic fault line between the Peshmerga and the federal government. At some point after the recapture of Mosul, and probably before then and definitely afterwards, there’s going to be a very serious debate between Iraqi Kurdistan and Baghdad of who actually has control over these areas and the return of Sunni Arab IDPs to their homes in the Peshmerga-held areas. This has the potential to be a very serious flashpoint that could degenerate into violence." 
Kurdish officials have stated their intention to absorb land recovered from ISIL into their autonomous aljazeera Nov 13 16 region [REUTERS/Azad Lashkari] 
KRG and Peshmerga say their forces often need to destroy homes because ISIL rigs them with explosives before it retreats.
But demining experts who spoke to HRW said the demolitions were "inconsistent with accepted practices and that uncontrolled explosions risked dispersing explosives throughout rubble, making the area and later cleanup extremely unsafe."
In some cases, the destruction of homes and villages took place weeks and months after Kurdish forces retook control of the areas, "indicating that eliminating ISIS-planted explosive devices was not essential to KRG military operations and did not meet the test under international humanitarian law of imperative necessity as a justification for attacks on civilian objectsm," HRW said.
In other instances, according to the report, Peshmerga demolished buildings in villages that ISIL never controlled. In some of those cases, KRG officials said their forces destroyed homes because one or more of the inhabitants supported ISIL.
Last month, the London-based rights group Amnesty international released a report accusing Kurdish forces of destroying Arab homes and forcing Arab residents out of the ethnically mixed city of Kirkuk, which is under the de facto control of Kurdish forces. 
Additional reporting by Dylan Collins: @Collinsdyl